This report was prepared by the Institute for Market Economics (IME) and is dedicated to the study of skills mismatches in the EU and their effect on the competitiveness of EU businesses. It includes a comprehensive review of existing literature on the issue and outlines some of the main conclusions regarding the relation of skill mismatches to education, personal and aggregate productivity, labour market dynamics and outcomes, innovation capacity and competitiveness. The study also includes the results of a dedicated survey designed to shed further light on the causes and effects of skills mismatches from the point of view of companies. We provide further evidence of the importance of Mismatch Priority Occupations (as identified by Cedefop), as well as additional insight into potential labour market bottleneck in five reference countries (Austria, Bulgaria, Finland, Germany and Spain).

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In August 2018, there were 175,400 people employed as Aged and Disabled Carers (the single largest subset of personal care workers). In the five years to August 2018, this occupational group recorded the second largest rise in employment, up by 46,600 or 36.2 per cent (this compares with growth of 10.4 per cent across all occupations). This report provides analysis, projected growth and the skills in demand for this occupation.

The European labour market is challenged by changes in the demographic composition of the labour force and by increasing work complexities and processes. Skills forecasting makes a useful contribution to decisions by policy-makers, experts and individuals. In this publication, Cedefop presents the latest results of skill supply and demand forecasts. Alongside the updated projections, collaboration between Cedefop and Eurofound has allowed examination of the tasks and skills content of the current and projected employment structure of Europe. This analysis confirms an increasingly more polarised occupational structure, a trend also highlighted by the main projections.

The north of England needs a skilled workforce and a system for skills development that meets the changing needs of the regional economy. At present qualifications levels across the north of England are lower than for England as a whole. A higher proportion of the population of the north have no qualifications or a qualification at or below Level 3 as their highest qualification, while a lower proportion hold a degree or other Level 4 certification. Furthermore, the available evidence suggests that skills needs in the north of England are different from those of the UK as a whole. Devolving some powers and budgets for skills would help to align provision with regional economic and social priorities, and to create more agile and efficient systems. For this project, we worked with officers from a small group of northern Local Enterprise Partnerships (LEPs) who are engaged in skills devolution and related issues, to identify the opportunities of this policy and develop recommendations for its future.

In 2010 Cedefop collaborated with the International Labour Organization and reviewed the state of play regarding ‘green skills’ and ‘green jobs’ in six EU countries (Denmark, Germany, Spain, Estonia, France and the UK). A European synthesis report built on the six country reports. In 2017, the collaboration was repeated to ascertain progress made since 2010: this report provides a synthesis of the six new country reports. It examines the major changes in green jobs and employment since 2010, and analyses the regulations and policies supporting green skills and employment, including the surrounding institutional set-up and the role played by social partners. It also highlights good practices, including green skill anticipation mechanisms, relevant vocational education and training and higher education, active labour market policies and retraining measures, and the role of the private sector.

Australia is a high carbon emissions country on a per capita basis, with an imposing challenge of transitioning to a low carbon economy. But the move towards a 'green' economy and a 'green' workforce with decent work has become more contested since the last ILO country report in 2009. The purpose of this report is to outline the major changes in climate and skills policy, as well as in the economy and employment, following the 2009 review of climate policy and skills developments. This report advances two specific arguments. First, Australia is still finding its way toward a coherent and integrated low-carbon policy that can inform corporate policy and promote green skills development. However, even in the absence of such a policy framework we do find several interesting initiatives at different levels and in different sectors. Giving greater recognition of these local, regional and sectoral initiatives is probably just as important as seeking greater national leadership on the issues. In an increasingly divided national political scene, these 'transformations from below' are indeed part of Australia's longer-term democratic history. Second, the key social partners that in the past were understood to be crucial to skills development and labour markets (employers and trade unions) have not been strong or sustained advocates of action on climate change and the skills implications of such a transition. In part this is because of contending interests within these groups, and in part because of the limited available resources for tackling a growing range of contemporary social and environmental issues facing these social partners. In the absence of these traditional social partners, other social actors have begun to experiment and innovate around climate change abatement and green skills. Understanding the trajectory toward, and possibilities for, inclusive and sustainable growth in Australia might therefore require expansion of the concept of social partners. The report recommends that, at least in the case of Australia, the range of social partners needs to be understood in a broader context than merely governments, employers and unions.

The report draws on 32 national studies, whose findings also contributed to the ILO’s World Economic and Social Outlook 2018: Greening with jobs, and was produced in partnership with the European Centre for the Development of Vocational Training (Cedefop), which prepared national reports in six EU Member States. The report builds on its predecessor, Skills for green jobs: A global view, published by the ILO in 2011. This new edition presents an expanded qualitative analysis, with coverage of several additional countries and regions. It is a ground-breaking piece of empirical research and modelling, providing new insights into likely occupational skill effects in declining and growing industries by 2030 based on two global quantitative scenarios. Evidence of good practices collected in the surveyed countries demonstrates how skills development can underpin the green transition.