Journal Article

This paper reviews developments in the field of AI to focus on deep learning, a field and set of applications that has recently experienced an explosive take-off after years of slow progress: deep learning as cybernetics in the 1940s-1960s based on biological theories of learning; deep learning as connectionism in the 1980s-1990s; and deep learning since 2006, not necessarily neutrally inspired but rather a type of machine learning that allows computer systems to improve with experience and data. This paper explores some of the dimensions of the recent phase of deep learning in terms of the final stage of automation, exploring its implication for education and work.

Foucault's masterpiece Discipline and Punish (1975) provided a genealogical analysis of the prison as a model for the disciplinary society that displaces the liberal juridico-political theory of sovereignty with a new kind of disciplinary power exemplified by Bentham's panopticon. This article revisits Foucault's classic as a basis for examining it significance for school in the epoch of digital reason.

Immigration has been a steady force acting on population and employment within countries throughout human history. Focusing on the last four decades, we show that the mix of immigrants to rich countries has been, overall, rather balanced between college and non-college educated. The growth of immigration has been driven by immigrants from non-rich countries. The economic impact of immigration on receiving economies needs to be understood by analyzing the specific skills brought by immigrants. The complementarity and substitutability between immigrants and natives in employment, and the response of receiving economies in terms of specialization and technological choices, are important when considering the general equilibrium effects of immigration. In the United States, a balanced composition of immigrants between college and noncollege educated, together with the adjustment of demand and technology, imply that general equilibrium effects on relative and absolute wages have been small.

We are currently witnessing profound changes in forms of work organization. The distinction between employment and self-employment are taking on a new dimension today. Indeed, recent social reforms contribute to question the nature of the relationship between the employer and the employee and that the link between the client and the self-employed. Normative data for the past 20 years show that the relationship of subordination as a criterion of authority is the subject of an evolution to characterize these types of managerial relationship. Situations autonomous employees and those self-employed tend to approach through a power struggle within the power [googletranslate_en]

One of the central problems in managing technological change and maintaining a competitive advantage in business is improving the skills of the workforce through investment in human capital and a variety of training practices. This paper explores the evidence on the impact of training investment on productivity in 14 Canadian industries from 1999 to 2005. Our productivity analysis demonstrates that in 12 out of 14 industries, training had a positive effect on productivity. However, when the analysis is put within a financial context, the return on investment was positive in only four industries. Faced with negative rates of return, why should managers in most of the industries in the study promote investment in training? Probably the best explanation is that new technology requires an investment in training. The investment in training is necessary just for the firm to maintain its current labour productivity. Employee turnover necessarily impedes the efficacy of training, because trained workers leave, and untrained workers arrive. Thus, training in this instance again is necessary just to maintain current labour productivity.

In a knowledge economy, the need for people with high level of training is growing for organizations that are looking for their teams and individuals competent graduates, with one or more work experience. Few, however, are the newcomers for these expectations from the first not asked in the organization. However, there are devices, the training-employment, which help form theoretical and practical ways individuals, by alternating between training and business school. The objectives of this article remain to understand how and to what organizational targets individuals involved in the Canadian employment training system cooperative education based on three control variables (sex, length of experience, size the host organization) and propose management practices that promote these ties. [googletranslate_en]

Crowdsourcing of inventive activities (IAC) is to outsource to a variety of research activities, or complex creative tasks. Several recent examples have highlighted the advantages of this type of practice, both to reduce costs of the innovation process to improve results. In this work, we study the CAI organizational impact by mobilizing theories on the boundaries of organizations. The literature identifies four different borders: border efficiency, influence, competence and identity. The analysis in terms of border organizations allows us in particular to highlight some limitations in the use of CAI and develop theoretical predictions about the conditions for the emergence and use of CAI. [googletranslate_en]

In the current context of digital humanities, we present a vision of the place now and that could take digital proc hainement in scientific activity researcher in HSS. After describing the digital humanities as essential in the de velopment of research, we are positioning our work on the one hand from the perspective of instrumental genesis and, secondly, in the context of the accompaniment of the activity researcher in social sciences. Then, we present the results of a survey carried out with scientists. This survey aims to specify their needs and expectations for technical solutions. We then present an experiment conducted as part of the CTBT Conference 2014. The results of this investigation and this experience has lead us to discuss the role of technology dedicated to the development of increased cognitive activity. [googletranslate_en]

Large-scale IoT problems often cannot be solved by either computers or human beings alone. [...]there are significant opportunities in loT applications that are coupled with the notion of Augmented Intelligence. Organizations face multiple risks from AI in IoT, such as privacy intrusion, mechanistic decision-making and loss of managerial control. [...]managers need to consider carefully for which task, in which way and to what extent IoT applications will be applied. IoT is such an area that can integrate human and computer intelligence to solve emerging problems. [...]our society needs to adapt to the broader social, economic, behavioral and ethical implications of AI and Augmented Intelligence. According to Vincent Thomas, Client Engagement Leader, IBM Watson, "Cognitive systems are very good at doing the heavy lifting - pulling data together, analyzing the Information and then presenting the relevant answers to users so that they can make more confident and effective business decisions that Impact performance and revenue."